<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="zh-CN">

<head>
  <meta charset="UTF-8">
  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=2">
  <meta name="theme-color" content="#222">
  <meta name="generator" content="Hexo 4.2.1">
  <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/images/apple-touch-icon-next.png">
  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="/images/favicon-32x32-next.png">
  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="/images/favicon-16x16-next.png">
  <link rel="mask-icon" href="/images/safari-pinned-tab.svg" color="#222">
  <link rel="stylesheet" href="/css/main.css">
  <link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/font-awesome/css/all.min.css">
  <link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/pace/pace-theme-minimal.min.css">
  <script src="/lib/pace/pace.min.js"></script>
  <script id="hexo-configurations">
    var NexT = window.NexT ||
    {};
    var CONFIG = {
      "hostname": "cuiqingcai.com",
      "root": "/",
      "scheme": "Pisces",
      "version": "7.8.0",
      "exturl": false,
      "sidebar":
      {
        "position": "right",
        "width": 360,
        "display": "post",
        "padding": 18,
        "offset": 12,
        "onmobile": false,
        "widgets": [
          {
            "type": "image",
            "name": "阿布云",
            "enable": false,
            "url": "https://www.abuyun.com/http-proxy/introduce.html",
            "src": "https://qiniu.cuiqingcai.com/88au8.jpg",
            "width": "100%"
      },
          {
            "type": "image",
            "name": "天验",
            "enable": true,
            "url": "https://tutorial.lengyue.video/?coupon=12ef4b1a-a3db-11ea-bb37-0242ac130002_cqx_850",
            "src": "https://qiniu.cuiqingcai.com/bco2a.png",
            "width": "100%"
      },
          {
            "type": "image",
            "name": "华为云",
            "enable": false,
            "url": "https://activity.huaweicloud.com/2020_618_promotion/index.html?bpName=5f9f98a29e2c40b780c1793086f29fe2&bindType=1&salesID=wangyubei",
            "src": "https://qiniu.cuiqingcai.com/y42ik.jpg",
            "width": "100%"
      },
          {
            "type": "image",
            "name": "张小鸡",
            "enable": false,
            "url": "http://www.zxiaoji.com/",
            "src": "https://qiniu.cuiqingcai.com/fm72f.png",
            "width": "100%"
      },
          {
            "type": "image",
            "name": "Luminati",
            "src": "https://qiniu.cuiqingcai.com/ikkq9.jpg",
            "url": "https://luminati-china.io/?affiliate=ref_5fbbaaa9647883f5c6f77095",
            "width": "100%",
            "enable": false
      },
          {
            "type": "image",
            "name": "IPIDEA",
            "url": "http://www.ipidea.net/?utm-source=cqc&utm-keyword=?cqc",
            "src": "https://qiniu.cuiqingcai.com/0ywun.png",
            "width": "100%",
            "enable": true
      },
          {
            "type": "tags",
            "name": "标签云",
            "enable": true
      },
          {
            "type": "categories",
            "name": "分类",
            "enable": true
      },
          {
            "type": "friends",
            "name": "友情链接",
            "enable": true
      },
          {
            "type": "hot",
            "name": "猜你喜欢",
            "enable": true
      }]
      },
      "copycode":
      {
        "enable": true,
        "show_result": true,
        "style": "mac"
      },
      "back2top":
      {
        "enable": true,
        "sidebar": false,
        "scrollpercent": true
      },
      "bookmark":
      {
        "enable": false,
        "color": "#222",
        "save": "auto"
      },
      "fancybox": false,
      "mediumzoom": false,
      "lazyload": false,
      "pangu": true,
      "comments":
      {
        "style": "tabs",
        "active": "gitalk",
        "storage": true,
        "lazyload": false,
        "nav": null,
        "activeClass": "gitalk"
      },
      "algolia":
      {
        "hits":
        {
          "per_page": 10
        },
        "labels":
        {
          "input_placeholder": "Search for Posts",
          "hits_empty": "We didn't find any results for the search: ${query}",
          "hits_stats": "${hits} results found in ${time} ms"
        }
      },
      "localsearch":
      {
        "enable": true,
        "trigger": "auto",
        "top_n_per_article": 10,
        "unescape": false,
        "preload": false
      },
      "motion":
      {
        "enable": false,
        "async": false,
        "transition":
        {
          "post_block": "bounceDownIn",
          "post_header": "slideDownIn",
          "post_body": "slideDownIn",
          "coll_header": "slideLeftIn",
          "sidebar": "slideUpIn"
        }
      },
      "path": "search.xml"
    };

  </script>
  <meta name="description" content="实例引入 我们知道 Python 是一种动态语言，在声明一个变量时我们不需要显式地声明它的类型，例如下面的例子：                         12                       a &#x3D; 2print(&#39;1 + a &#x3D;&#39;, 1 + a)                 运行结果：                         1">
  <meta property="og:type" content="article">
  <meta property="og:title" content="Python 中 typing 模块和类型注解的使用">
  <meta property="og:url" content="https://cuiqingcai.com/7071.html">
  <meta property="og:site_name" content="静觅">
  <meta property="og:description" content="实例引入 我们知道 Python 是一种动态语言，在声明一个变量时我们不需要显式地声明它的类型，例如下面的例子：                         12                       a &#x3D; 2print(&#39;1 + a &#x3D;&#39;, 1 + a)                 运行结果：                         1">
  <meta property="og:locale" content="zh_CN">
  <meta property="article:published_time" content="2019-08-04T12:28:17.000Z">
  <meta property="article:modified_time" content="2021-12-18T13:11:11.537Z">
  <meta property="article:author" content="崔庆才">
  <meta property="article:tag" content="崔庆才">
  <meta property="article:tag" content="静觅">
  <meta property="article:tag" content="PHP">
  <meta property="article:tag" content="Java">
  <meta property="article:tag" content="Python">
  <meta property="article:tag" content="Spider">
  <meta property="article:tag" content="爬虫">
  <meta property="article:tag" content="Web">
  <meta property="article:tag" content="Kubernetes">
  <meta property="article:tag" content="深度学习">
  <meta property="article:tag" content="机器学习">
  <meta property="article:tag" content="数据分析">
  <meta property="article:tag" content="网络">
  <meta property="article:tag" content="IT">
  <meta property="article:tag" content="技术">
  <meta property="article:tag" content="博客">
  <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary">
  <link rel="canonical" href="https://cuiqingcai.com/7071.html">
  <script id="page-configurations">
    // https://hexo.io/docs/variables.html
    CONFIG.page = {
      sidebar: "",
      isHome: false,
      isPost: true,
      lang: 'zh-CN'
    };

  </script>
  <title>Python 中 typing 模块和类型注解的使用 | 静觅</title>
  <meta name="google-site-verification" content="p_bIcnvirkFzG2dYKuNDivKD8-STet5W7D-01woA2fc" />
  <noscript>
    <style>
      .use-motion .brand,
      .use-motion .menu-item,
      .sidebar-inner,
      .use-motion .post-block,
      .use-motion .pagination,
      .use-motion .comments,
      .use-motion .post-header,
      .use-motion .post-body,
      .use-motion .collection-header
      {
        opacity: initial;
      }

      .use-motion .site-title,
      .use-motion .site-subtitle
      {
        opacity: initial;
        top: initial;
      }

      .use-motion .logo-line-before i
      {
        left: initial;
      }

      .use-motion .logo-line-after i
      {
        right: initial;
      }

    </style>
  </noscript>
  <link rel="alternate" href="/atom.xml" title="静觅" type="application/atom+xml">
</head>

<body itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/WebPage">
  <div class="container">
    <div class="headband"></div>
    <header class="header" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/WPHeader">
      <div class="header-inner">
        <div class="site-brand-container">
          <div class="site-nav-toggle">
            <div class="toggle" aria-label="切换导航栏">
              <span class="toggle-line toggle-line-first"></span>
              <span class="toggle-line toggle-line-middle"></span>
              <span class="toggle-line toggle-line-last"></span>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="site-meta">
            <a href="/" class="brand" rel="start">
              <span class="logo-line-before"><i></i></span>
              <h1 class="site-title">静觅 <span class="site-subtitle"> 崔庆才的个人站点 </span>
              </h1>
              <span class="logo-line-after"><i></i></span>
            </a>
          </div>
          <div class="site-nav-right">
            <div class="toggle popup-trigger">
              <i class="fa fa-search fa-fw fa-lg"></i>
            </div>
          </div>
        </div>
        <nav class="site-nav">
          <ul id="menu" class="main-menu menu">
            <li class="menu-item menu-item-home">
              <a href="/" rel="section">首页</a>
            </li>
            <li class="menu-item menu-item-archives">
              <a href="/archives/" rel="section">文章列表</a>
            </li>
            <li class="menu-item menu-item-tags">
              <a href="/tags/" rel="section">文章标签</a>
            </li>
            <li class="menu-item menu-item-categories">
              <a href="/categories/" rel="section">文章分类</a>
            </li>
            <li class="menu-item menu-item-about">
              <a href="/about/" rel="section">关于博主</a>
            </li>
            <li class="menu-item menu-item-message">
              <a href="/message/" rel="section">给我留言</a>
            </li>
            <li class="menu-item menu-item-search">
              <a role="button" class="popup-trigger">搜索 </a>
            </li>
          </ul>
        </nav>
        <div class="search-pop-overlay">
          <div class="popup search-popup">
            <div class="search-header">
              <span class="search-icon">
                <i class="fa fa-search"></i>
              </span>
              <div class="search-input-container">
                <input autocomplete="off" autocapitalize="off" placeholder="搜索..." spellcheck="false" type="search" class="search-input">
              </div>
              <span class="popup-btn-close">
                <i class="fa fa-times-circle"></i>
              </span>
            </div>
            <div id="search-result">
              <div id="no-result">
                <i class="fa fa-spinner fa-pulse fa-5x fa-fw"></i>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
        </div>
      </div>
    </header>
    <div class="back-to-top">
      <i class="fa fa-arrow-up"></i>
      <span>0%</span>
    </div>
    <div class="reading-progress-bar"></div>
    <main class="main">
      <div class="main-inner">
        <div class="content-wrap">
          <div class="content post posts-expand">
            <article itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article" class="post-block single" lang="zh-CN">
              <link itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" href="https://cuiqingcai.com/7071.html">
              <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
                <meta itemprop="image" content="/images/avatar.png">
                <meta itemprop="name" content="崔庆才">
                <meta itemprop="description" content="崔庆才的个人站点，记录生活的瞬间，分享学习的心得。">
              </span>
              <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
                <meta itemprop="name" content="静觅">
              </span>
              <header class="post-header">
                <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline"> Python 中 typing 模块和类型注解的使用 </h1>
                <div class="post-meta">
                  <span class="post-meta-item">
                    <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
                      <i class="far fa-user"></i>
                    </span>
                    <span class="post-meta-item-text">作者</span>
                    <span><a href="/authors/崔庆才" class="author" itemprop="url" rel="index">崔庆才</a></span>
                  </span>
                  <span class="post-meta-item">
                    <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
                      <i class="far fa-calendar"></i>
                    </span>
                    <span class="post-meta-item-text">发表于</span>
                    <time title="创建时间：2019-08-04 20:28:17" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2019-08-04T20:28:17+08:00">2019-08-04</time>
                  </span>
                  <span class="post-meta-item">
                    <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
                      <i class="far fa-folder"></i>
                    </span>
                    <span class="post-meta-item-text">分类于</span>
                    <span itemprop="about" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Thing">
                      <a href="/categories/Python/" itemprop="url" rel="index"><span itemprop="name">Python</span></a>
                    </span>
                  </span>
                  <span id="/7071.html" class="post-meta-item leancloud_visitors" data-flag-title="Python 中 typing 模块和类型注解的使用" title="阅读次数">
                    <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
                      <i class="fa fa-eye"></i>
                    </span>
                    <span class="post-meta-item-text">阅读次数：</span>
                    <span class="leancloud-visitors-count"></span>
                  </span>
                  <span class="post-meta-item" title="本文字数">
                    <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
                      <i class="far fa-file-word"></i>
                    </span>
                    <span class="post-meta-item-text">本文字数：</span>
                    <span>9.2k</span>
                  </span>
                  <span class="post-meta-item" title="阅读时长">
                    <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
                      <i class="far fa-clock"></i>
                    </span>
                    <span class="post-meta-item-text">阅读时长 &asymp;</span>
                    <span>8 分钟</span>
                  </span>
                </div>
              </header>
              <div class="post-body" itemprop="articleBody">
                <div class="advertisements">
                  <div class="item">
                    <a href="http://i0k.cn/4UUsd" target="_blank">
                      <img src="https://qiniu.cuiqingcai.com/dsdhf.jpg">
                    </a>
                  </div>
                </div>
                <h2 id="实例引入"><a href="#实例引入" class="headerlink" title="实例引入"></a>实例引入</h2>
                <p>我们知道 Python 是一种动态语言，在声明一个变量时我们不需要显式地声明它的类型，例如下面的例子：</p>
                <figure class="highlight stylus">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line"><span class="selector-tag">a</span> = <span class="number">2</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="title">print</span><span class="params">(<span class="string">'1 + a ='</span>, <span class="number">1</span> + a)</span></span></span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>运行结果：</p>
                <figure class="highlight basic">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line"><span class="symbol">1 </span>+ a = <span class="number">3</span></span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>这里我们首先声明了一个变量 <code>a</code>，并将其赋值为了 2，然后将最后的结果打印出来，程序输出来了正确的结果。但在这个过程中，我们没有声明它到底是什么类型。 但如果这时候我们将 <code>a</code> 变成一个字符串类型，结果会是怎样的呢？改写如下：</p>
                <figure class="highlight stylus">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line"><span class="selector-tag">a</span> = <span class="string">'2'</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="title">print</span><span class="params">(<span class="string">'1 + a ='</span>, <span class="number">1</span> + a)</span></span></span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>运行结果：</p>
                <figure class="highlight scala">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line"><span class="type">TypeError</span>: unsupported operand <span class="class"><span class="keyword">type</span>(<span class="params">s</span>) <span class="title">for</span> <span class="title">+</span></span>: <span class="symbol">'in</span>t' and <span class="symbol">'st</span>r'</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>直接报错了，错误原因是我们进行了字符串类型的变量和数值类型变量的加和，两种数据类型不同，是无法进行相加的。 如果我们将上面的语句改写成一个方法定义：</p>
                <figure class="highlight ruby">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">add</span><span class="params">(a)</span></span><span class="symbol">:</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">return</span> a + <span class="number">1</span></span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>这里定义了一个方法，传入一个参数，然后将其加 1 并返回。 如果这时候如果用下面的方式调用，传入的参数是一个数值类型：</p>
                <figure class="highlight stylus">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="title">add</span><span class="params">(<span class="number">2</span>)</span></span></span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>则可以正常输出结果 3。但如果我们传入的参数并不是我们期望的类型，比如传入一个字符类型，那么就会同样报刚才类似的错误。 但又由于 Python 的特性，很多情况下我们并不用去声明它的类型，因此从方法定义上面来看，我们实际上是不知道一个方法的参数到底应该传入什么类型的。 这样其实就造成了很多不方便的地方，在某些情况下一些复杂的方法，如果不借助于一些额外的说明，我们是不知道参数到底是什么类型的。 因此，Python 中的类型注解就显得比较重要了。</p>
                <h2 id="类型注解"><a href="#类型注解" class="headerlink" title="类型注解"></a>类型注解</h2>
                <p>在 Python 3.5 中，Python PEP 484 引入了类型注解（type hints），在 Python 3.6 中，PEP 526 又进一步引入了变量注解（Variable Annotations），所以上面的代码我们改写成如下写法：</p>
                <figure class="highlight vim">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line"><span class="variable">a:</span> <span class="keyword">int</span> = <span class="number">2</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">print</span>(<span class="string">'5 + a ='</span>, <span class="number">5</span> + <span class="keyword">a</span>)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">def <span class="built_in">add</span>(<span class="variable">a:</span> <span class="keyword">int</span>) -&gt; in<span class="variable">t:</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="keyword">a</span> + <span class="number">1</span></span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>具体的语法是可以归纳为两点：</p>
                <ul>
                  <li>在声明变量时，变量的后面可以加一个冒号，后面再写上变量的类型，如 int、list 等等。</li>
                  <li>在声明方法返回值的时候，可以在方法的后面加一个箭头，后面加上返回值的类型，如 int、list 等等。</li>
                </ul>
                <p>在 <a href="https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0008/#other-recommendations" target="_blank" rel="noopener">PEP 8</a> 中，具体的格式是这样规定的：</p>
                <ul>
                  <li>在声明变量类型时，变量后方紧跟一个冒号，冒号后面跟一个空格，再跟上变量的类型。</li>
                  <li>在声明方法返回值的时候，箭头左边是方法定义，箭头右边是返回值的类型，箭头左右两边都要留有空格。</li>
                </ul>
                <p>有了这样的声明，以后我们如果看到这个方法的定义，我们就知道传入的参数类型了，如调用 add 方法的时候，我们就知道传入的需要是一个数值类型的变量，而不是字符串类型，非常直观。 但值得注意的是，这种类型和变量注解实际上只是一种类型提示，对运行实际上是没有影响的，比如调用 add 方法的时候，我们传入的不是 int 类型，而是一个 float 类型，它也不会报错，也不会对参数进行类型转换，如：</p>
                <figure class="highlight stylus">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="title">add</span><span class="params">(<span class="number">1.5</span>)</span></span></span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>我们传入的是一个 float 类型的数值 1.5，看下运行结果：</p>
                <figure class="highlight angelscript">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line"><span class="number">2.5</span></span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>可以看到，运行结果正常输出，而且 1.5 并没有经过强制类型转换变成 1，否则结果会变成 2。 因此，类型和变量注解只是提供了一种提示，对于运行实际上没有任何影响。 不过有了类型注解，一些 IDE 是可以识别出来并提示的，比如 PyCharm 就可以识别出来在调用某个方法的时候参数类型不一致，会提示 WARNING。 比如上面的调用，如果在 PyCharm 中，就会有如下提示内容：</p>
                <figure class="highlight routeros">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">Expected<span class="built_in"> type </span><span class="string">'int'</span>, got <span class="string">'float'</span> instead</span><br><span class="line">This inspection detects<span class="built_in"> type </span>errors <span class="keyword">in</span> function call expressions. Due <span class="keyword">to</span> dynamic dispatch <span class="keyword">and</span> duck typing, this is possible <span class="keyword">in</span> a limited but useful number of cases. Types of function parameters can be specified <span class="keyword">in</span> docstrings <span class="keyword">or</span> <span class="keyword">in</span> Python 3 function annotations.</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>另外也有一些库是支持类型检查的，比如 mypy，安装之后，利用 mypy 即可检查出 Python 脚本中不符合类型注解的调用情况。 上面只是用一个简单的 int 类型做了实例，下面我们再看下一些相对复杂的数据结构，例如列表、元组、字典等类型怎么样来声明。 可想而知了，列表用 list 表示，元组用 tuple 表示，字典用 dict 来表示，那么很自然地，在声明的时候我们就很自然地写成这样了：</p>
                <figure class="highlight yaml">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line"><span class="attr">names:</span> <span class="string">list</span> <span class="string">=</span> <span class="string">['Germey',</span> <span class="string">'Guido'</span><span class="string">]</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="attr">version:</span> <span class="string">tuple</span> <span class="string">=</span> <span class="string">(3,</span> <span class="number">7</span><span class="string">,</span> <span class="number">4</span><span class="string">)</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="attr">operations:</span> <span class="string">dict</span> <span class="string">=</span> <span class="string">&#123;'show':</span> <span class="literal">False</span><span class="string">,</span> <span class="attr">'sort':</span> <span class="literal">True</span><span class="string">&#125;</span></span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>这么看上去没有问题，确实声明为了对应的类型，但实际上并不能反映整个列表、元组的结构，比如我们只通过类型注解是不知道 names 里面的元素是什么类型的，只知道 names 是一个列表 list 类型，实际上里面都是字符串 str 类型。我们也不知道 version 这个元组的每一个元素是什么类型的，实际上是 int 类型。但这些信息我们都无从得知。因此说，仅仅凭借 list、tuple 这样的声明是非常“弱”的，我们需要一种更强的类型声明。 这时候我们就需要借助于 typing 模块了，它提供了非常“强“的类型支持，比如 <code>List[str]</code>、<code>Tuple[int, int, int]</code> 则可以表示由 str 类型的元素组成的列表和由 int 类型的元素组成的长度为 3 的元组。所以上文的声明写法可以改写成下面的样子：</p>
                <figure class="highlight pgsql">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">from</span> typing <span class="keyword">import</span> List, Tuple, Dict</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">names: List[str] = [<span class="string">'Germey'</span>, <span class="string">'Guido'</span>]</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">version</span>: Tuple[<span class="type">int</span>, <span class="type">int</span>, <span class="type">int</span>] = (<span class="number">3</span>, <span class="number">7</span>, <span class="number">4</span>)</span><br><span class="line">operations: Dict[str, <span class="type">bool</span>] = &#123;<span class="string">'show'</span>: <span class="keyword">False</span>, <span class="string">'sort'</span>: <span class="keyword">True</span>&#125;</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>这样一来，变量的类型便可以非常直观地体现出来了。 目前 typing 模块也已经被加入到 Python 标准库中，不需要安装第三方模块，我们就可以直接使用了。</p>
                <h2 id="typing"><a href="#typing" class="headerlink" title="typing"></a>typing</h2>
                <p>下面我们再来详细看下 typing 模块的具体用法，这里主要会介绍一些常用的注解类型，如 List、Tuple、Dict、Sequence 等等，了解了每个类型的具体使用方法，我们可以得心应手的对任何变量进行声明了。 在引入的时候就直接通过 typing 模块引入就好了，例如：</p>
                <figure class="highlight capnproto">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">from</span> typing <span class="keyword">import</span> <span class="built_in">List</span>, Tuple</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <h3 id="List"><a href="#List" class="headerlink" title="List"></a>List</h3>
                <p>List、列表，是 list 的泛型，基本等同于 list，其后紧跟一个方括号，里面代表了构成这个列表的元素类型，如由数字构成的列表可以声明为：</p>
                <figure class="highlight angelscript">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">var: List[<span class="built_in">int</span> <span class="keyword">or</span> <span class="built_in">float</span>] = [<span class="number">2</span>, <span class="number">3.5</span>]</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>另外还可以嵌套声明都是可以的：</p>
                <figure class="highlight angelscript">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">var: List[List[<span class="built_in">int</span>]] = [[<span class="number">1</span>, <span class="number">2</span>], [<span class="number">2</span>, <span class="number">3</span>]]</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <h3 id="Tuple、NamedTuple"><a href="#Tuple、NamedTuple" class="headerlink" title="Tuple、NamedTuple"></a>Tuple、NamedTuple</h3>
                <p>Tuple、元组，是 tuple 的泛型，其后紧跟一个方括号，方括号中按照顺序声明了构成本元组的元素类型，如 <code>Tuple[X, Y]</code> 代表了构成元组的第一个元素是 X 类型，第二个元素是 Y 类型。 比如想声明一个元组，分别代表姓名、年龄、身高，三个数据类型分别为 str、int、float，那么可以这么声明：</p>
                <figure class="highlight angelscript">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">person: Tuple[str, <span class="built_in">int</span>, <span class="built_in">float</span>] = (<span class="string">'Mike'</span>, <span class="number">22</span>, <span class="number">1.75</span>)</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>同样地也可以使用类型嵌套。 NamedTuple，是 collections.namedtuple 的泛型，实际上就和 namedtuple 用法完全一致，但个人其实并不推荐使用 NamedTuple，推荐使用 attrs 这个库来声明一些具有表征意义的类。</p>
                <h3 id="Dict、Mapping、MutableMapping"><a href="#Dict、Mapping、MutableMapping" class="headerlink" title="Dict、Mapping、MutableMapping"></a>Dict、Mapping、MutableMapping</h3>
                <p>Dict、字典，是 dict 的泛型；Mapping，映射，是 collections.abc.Mapping 的泛型。根据官方文档，Dict 推荐用于注解返回类型，Mapping 推荐用于注解参数。它们的使用方法都是一样的，其后跟一个中括号，中括号内分别声明键名、键值的类型，如：</p>
                <figure class="highlight processing">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">def <span class="built_in">size</span>(<span class="built_in">rect</span>: Mapping[<span class="built_in">str</span>, <span class="built_in">int</span>]) -&gt; Dict[<span class="built_in">str</span>, <span class="built_in">int</span>]:</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">return</span> &#123;<span class="string">'width'</span>: <span class="built_in">rect</span>[<span class="string">'width'</span>] + <span class="number">100</span>, <span class="string">'height'</span>: <span class="built_in">rect</span>[<span class="string">'width'</span>] + <span class="number">100</span>&#125;</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>这里将 Dict 用作了返回值类型注解，将 Mapping 用作了参数类型注解。 MutableMapping 则是 Mapping 对象的子类，在很多库中也经常用 MutableMapping 来代替 Mapping。</p>
                <h3 id="Set、AbstractSet"><a href="#Set、AbstractSet" class="headerlink" title="Set、AbstractSet"></a>Set、AbstractSet</h3>
                <p>Set、集合，是 set 的泛型；AbstractSet、是 collections.abc.Set 的泛型。根据官方文档，Set 推荐用于注解返回类型，AbstractSet 用于注解参数。它们的使用方法都是一样的，其后跟一个中括号，里面声明集合中元素的类型，如：</p>
                <figure class="highlight sql">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">def <span class="keyword">describe</span>(s: AbstractSet[<span class="built_in">int</span>]) -&gt; <span class="keyword">Set</span>[<span class="built_in">int</span>]:</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="keyword">set</span>(s)</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>这里将 Set 用作了返回值类型注解，将 AbstractSet 用作了参数类型注解。</p>
                <h3 id="Sequence"><a href="#Sequence" class="headerlink" title="Sequence"></a>Sequence</h3>
                <p>Sequence，是 collections.abc.Sequence 的泛型，在某些情况下，我们可能并不需要严格区分一个变量或参数到底是列表 list 类型还是元组 tuple 类型，我们可以使用一个更为泛化的类型，叫做 Sequence，其用法类似于 List，如：</p>
                <figure class="highlight groovy">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">def</span> square(<span class="string">elements:</span> Sequence[<span class="keyword">float</span>]) -&gt; List[<span class="keyword">float</span>]:</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">return</span> [x ** <span class="number">2</span> <span class="keyword">for</span> x <span class="keyword">in</span> elements]</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <h3 id="NoReturn"><a href="#NoReturn" class="headerlink" title="NoReturn"></a>NoReturn</h3>
                <p>NoReturn，当一个方法没有返回结果时，为了注解它的返回类型，我们可以将其注解为 NoReturn，例如：</p>
                <figure class="highlight python">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">hello</span><span class="params">()</span> -&gt; NoReturn:</span></span><br><span class="line">    print(<span class="string">'hello'</span>)</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <h3 id="Any"><a href="#Any" class="headerlink" title="Any"></a>Any</h3>
                <p>Any，是一种特殊的类型，它可以代表所有类型，静态类型检查器的所有类型都与 Any 类型兼容，所有的无参数类型注解和返回类型注解的都会默认使用 Any 类型，也就是说，下面两个方法的声明是完全等价的：</p>
                <figure class="highlight python">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">add</span><span class="params">(a)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">return</span> a + <span class="number">1</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">add</span><span class="params">(a: Any)</span> -&gt; Any:</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">return</span> a + <span class="number">1</span></span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>原理类似于 object，所有的类型都是 object 的子类。但如果我们将参数声明为 object 类型，静态参数类型检查便会抛出错误，而 Any 则不会，具体可以参考官方文档的说明：<a href="https://docs.python.org/zh-cn/3/library/typing.html?highlight=typing#the-any-type" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://docs.python.org/zh-cn/3/library/typing.html?highlight=typing#the-any-type</a>。</p>
                <h3 id="TypeVar"><a href="#TypeVar" class="headerlink" title="TypeVar"></a>TypeVar</h3>
                <p>TypeVar，我们可以借助它来自定义兼容特定类型的变量，比如有的变量声明为 int、float、None 都是符合要求的，实际就是代表任意的数字或者空内容都可以，其他的类型则不可以，比如列表 list、字典 dict 等等，像这样的情况，我们可以使用 TypeVar 来表示。 例如一个人的身高，便可以使用 int 或 float 或 None 来表示，但不能用 dict 来表示，所以可以这么声明：</p>
                <figure class="highlight python">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">height = <span class="number">1.75</span></span><br><span class="line">Height = TypeVar(<span class="string">'Height'</span>, int, float, <span class="literal">None</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">get_height</span><span class="params">()</span> -&gt; Height:</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">return</span> height</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>这里我们使用 TypeVar 声明了一个 Height 类型，然后将其用于注解方法的返回结果。</p>
                <h3 id="NewType"><a href="#NewType" class="headerlink" title="NewType"></a>NewType</h3>
                <p>NewType，我们可以借助于它来声明一些具有特殊含义的类型，例如像 Tuple 的例子一样，我们需要将它表示为 Person，即一个人的含义，但但从表面上声明为 Tuple 并不直观，所以我们可以使用 NewType 为其声明一个类型，如：</p>
                <figure class="highlight ini">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line"><span class="attr">Person</span> = NewType(<span class="string">'Person'</span>, Tuple[str, int, float])</span><br><span class="line"><span class="attr">person</span> = Person((<span class="string">'Mike'</span>, <span class="number">22</span>, <span class="number">1.75</span>))</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>这里实际上 person 就是一个 tuple 类型，我们可以对其像 tuple 一样正常操作。</p>
                <h3 id="Callable"><a href="#Callable" class="headerlink" title="Callable"></a>Callable</h3>
                <p>Callable，可调用类型，它通常用来注解一个方法，比如我们刚才声明了一个 add 方法，它就是一个 Callable 类型：</p>
                <figure class="highlight lisp">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">print(<span class="name">Callable</span>, type(<span class="name">add</span>), isinstance(<span class="name">add</span>, Callable))</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>运行结果：</p>
                <figure class="highlight angelscript">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">typing.Callable &lt;<span class="keyword">class</span> '<span class="symbol">function</span>'&gt; <span class="symbol">True</span></span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>在这里虽然二者 add 利用 type 方法得到的结果是 function，但实际上利用 isinstance 方法判断确实是 True。 Callable 在声明的时候需要使用 <code>Callable[[Arg1Type, Arg2Type, ...], ReturnType]</code> 这样的类型注解，将参数类型和返回值类型都要注解出来，例如：</p>
                <figure class="highlight groovy">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">def</span> date(<span class="string">year:</span> <span class="keyword">int</span>, <span class="string">month:</span> <span class="keyword">int</span>, <span class="string">day:</span> <span class="keyword">int</span>) -&gt; <span class="string">str:</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">return</span> f<span class="string">'&#123;year&#125;-&#123;month&#125;-&#123;day&#125;'</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">def</span> get_date_fn() -&gt; Callable[[<span class="keyword">int</span>, <span class="keyword">int</span>, <span class="keyword">int</span>], str]:</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">return</span> date</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>这里首先声明了一个方法 date，接收三个 int 参数，返回一个 str 结果，get_date_fn 方法返回了这个方法本身，它的返回值类型就可以标记为 Callable，中括号内分别标记了返回的方法的参数类型和返回值类型。</p>
                <h3 id="Union"><a href="#Union" class="headerlink" title="Union"></a>Union</h3>
                <p>Union，联合类型，<code>Union[X, Y]</code> 代表要么是 X 类型，要么是 Y 类型。 联合类型的联合类型等价于展平后的类型：</p>
                <figure class="highlight pgsql">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">Union</span>[<span class="keyword">Union</span>[<span class="type">int</span>, str], <span class="type">float</span>] == <span class="keyword">Union</span>[<span class="type">int</span>, str, <span class="type">float</span>]</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>仅有一个参数的联合类型会坍缩成参数自身，比如：</p>
                <figure class="highlight pgsql">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">Union</span>[<span class="type">int</span>] == <span class="type">int</span></span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>多余的参数会被跳过，比如：</p>
                <figure class="highlight axapta">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">Union[<span class="keyword">int</span>, <span class="keyword">str</span>, <span class="keyword">int</span>] == Union[<span class="keyword">int</span>, <span class="keyword">str</span>]</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>在比较联合类型的时候，参数顺序会被忽略，比如：</p>
                <figure class="highlight axapta">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">Union[<span class="keyword">int</span>, <span class="keyword">str</span>] == Union[<span class="keyword">str</span>, <span class="keyword">int</span>]</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>这个在一些方法参数声明的时候比较有用，比如一个方法，要么传一个字符串表示的方法名，要么直接把方法传过来：</p>
                <figure class="highlight armasm">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line"><span class="symbol">def</span> process(<span class="meta">fn</span>: Union[<span class="keyword">str, </span>Callable]):</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="meta">if</span> isinstance(<span class="meta">fn</span>, <span class="keyword">str):</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword"> </span>       # <span class="keyword">str2fn </span><span class="keyword">and </span>process</span><br><span class="line">        pass</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="meta">elif</span> isinstance(<span class="meta">fn</span>, Callable):</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="meta">fn</span>()</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>这样的声明在一些类库方法定义的时候十分常见。</p>
                <h3 id="Optional"><a href="#Optional" class="headerlink" title="Optional"></a>Optional</h3>
                <p>Optional，意思是说这个参数可以为空或已经声明的类型，即 <code>Optional[X]</code> 等价于 <code>Union[X, None]</code>。 但值得注意的是，这个并不等价于可选参数，当它作为参数类型注解的时候，不代表这个参数可以不传递了，而是说这个参数可以传为 None。 如当一个方法执行结果，如果执行完毕就不返回错误信息， 如果发生问题就返回错误信息，则可以这么声明：</p>
                <figure class="highlight python">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">judge</span><span class="params">(result: bool)</span> -&gt; Optional[str]:</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">if</span> result: <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="string">'Error Occurred'</span></span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <h3 id="Generator"><a href="#Generator" class="headerlink" title="Generator"></a>Generator</h3>
                <p>如果想代表一个生成器类型，可以使用 Generator，它的声明比较特殊，其后的中括号紧跟着三个参数，分别代表 YieldType、SendType、ReturnType，如：</p>
                <figure class="highlight python">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">echo_round</span><span class="params">()</span> -&gt; Generator[int, float, str]:</span></span><br><span class="line">    sent = <span class="keyword">yield</span> <span class="number">0</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">while</span> sent &gt;= <span class="number">0</span>:</span><br><span class="line">        sent = <span class="keyword">yield</span> round(sent)</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="string">'Done'</span></span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>在这里 yield 关键字后面紧跟的变量的类型就是 YieldType，yield 返回的结果的类型就是 SendType，最后生成器 return 的内容就是 ReturnType。 当然很多情况下，生成器往往只需要 yield 内容就够了，我们是不需要 SendType 和 ReturnType 的，可以将其设置为空，如：</p>
                <figure class="highlight python">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">infinite_stream</span><span class="params">(start: int)</span> -&gt; Generator[int, <span class="keyword">None</span>, <span class="keyword">None</span>]:</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">while</span> <span class="literal">True</span>:</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">yield</span> start</span><br><span class="line">        start += <span class="number">1</span></span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <h2 id="案例实战"><a href="#案例实战" class="headerlink" title="案例实战"></a>案例实战</h2>
                <p>接下来让我们看一个实际的项目，看看经常用到的类型一般是怎么使用的。 这里我们看的库是 requests-html，是由 Kenneth Reitz 所开发的，其 GitHub 地址为：<a href="https://github.com/psf/requests-html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://github.com/psf/requests-html</a>，下面我们主要看看它的源代码中一些类型是如何声明的。 这个库的源代码其实就一个文件，那就是 <a href="https://github.com/psf/requests-html/blob/master/requests_html.py" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://github.com/psf/requests-html/blob/master/requests_html.py</a>，我们看一下它里面的一些 typing 的定义和方法定义。 首先 Typing 的定义部分如下：</p>
                <figure class="highlight sqf">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">from</span> typing import <span class="built_in">Set</span>, Union, <span class="built_in">List</span>, MutableMapping, Optional</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="variable">_Find</span> = Union[<span class="built_in">List</span>[<span class="string">'Element'</span>], <span class="string">'Element'</span>]</span><br><span class="line"><span class="variable">_XPath</span> = Union[<span class="built_in">List</span>[<span class="built_in">str</span>], <span class="built_in">List</span>[<span class="string">'Element'</span>], <span class="built_in">str</span>, <span class="string">'Element'</span>]</span><br><span class="line"><span class="variable">_Result</span> = Union[<span class="built_in">List</span>[<span class="string">'Result'</span>], <span class="string">'Result'</span>]</span><br><span class="line"><span class="variable">_HTML</span> = Union[<span class="built_in">str</span>, bytes]</span><br><span class="line"><span class="variable">_BaseHTML</span> = <span class="built_in">str</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="variable">_UserAgent</span> = <span class="built_in">str</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="variable">_DefaultEncoding</span> = <span class="built_in">str</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="variable">_URL</span> = <span class="built_in">str</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="variable">_RawHTML</span> = bytes</span><br><span class="line"><span class="variable">_Encoding</span> = <span class="built_in">str</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="variable">_LXML</span> = HtmlElement</span><br><span class="line"><span class="variable">_Text</span> = <span class="built_in">str</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="variable">_Search</span> = Result</span><br><span class="line"><span class="variable">_Containing</span> = Union[<span class="built_in">str</span>, <span class="built_in">List</span>[<span class="built_in">str</span>]]</span><br><span class="line"><span class="variable">_Links</span> = <span class="built_in">Set</span>[<span class="built_in">str</span>]</span><br><span class="line"><span class="variable">_Attrs</span> = MutableMapping</span><br><span class="line"><span class="variable">_Next</span> = Union[<span class="string">'HTML'</span>, <span class="built_in">List</span>[<span class="built_in">str</span>]]</span><br><span class="line"><span class="variable">_NextSymbol</span> = <span class="built_in">List</span>[<span class="built_in">str</span>]</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>这里可以看到主要用到的类型有 Set、Union、List、MutableMapping、Optional，这些在上文都已经做了解释，另外这里使用了多次 Union 来声明了一些新的类型，如 <code>_Find</code> 则要么是是 Element 对象的列表，要么是单个 Element 对象，<code>_Result</code> 则要么是 Result 对象的列表，要么是单个 Result 对象。另外 <code>_Attrs</code> 其实就是字典类型，这里用 MutableMapping 来表示了，没有用 Dict，也没有用 Mapping。 接下来再看一个 Element 类的声明：</p>
                <figure class="highlight python">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br><span class="line">23</span><br><span class="line">24</span><br><span class="line">25</span><br><span class="line">26</span><br><span class="line">27</span><br><span class="line">28</span><br><span class="line">29</span><br><span class="line">30</span><br><span class="line">31</span><br><span class="line">32</span><br><span class="line">33</span><br><span class="line">34</span><br><span class="line">35</span><br><span class="line">36</span><br><span class="line">37</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line"><span class="class"><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="title">Element</span><span class="params">(BaseParser)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="string">"""An element of HTML.</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">    :param element: The element from which to base the parsing upon.</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">    :param url: The URL from which the HTML originated, used for ``absolute_links``.</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">    :param default_encoding: Which encoding to default to.</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">    """</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    __slots__ = [</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="string">'element'</span>, <span class="string">'url'</span>, <span class="string">'skip_anchors'</span>, <span class="string">'default_encoding'</span>, <span class="string">'_encoding'</span>,</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="string">'_html'</span>, <span class="string">'_lxml'</span>, <span class="string">'_pq'</span>, <span class="string">'_attrs'</span>, <span class="string">'session'</span></span><br><span class="line">    ]</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">__init__</span><span class="params">(self, *, element, url: _URL, default_encoding: _DefaultEncoding = None)</span> -&gt; <span class="keyword">None</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">        super(Element, self).__init__(element=element, url=url, default_encoding=default_encoding)</span><br><span class="line">        self.element = element</span><br><span class="line">        self.tag = element.tag</span><br><span class="line">        self.lineno = element.sourceline</span><br><span class="line">        self._attrs = <span class="literal">None</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">__repr__</span><span class="params">(self)</span> -&gt; str:</span></span><br><span class="line">        attrs = [<span class="string">'&#123;&#125;=&#123;&#125;'</span>.format(attr, repr(self.attrs[attr])) <span class="keyword">for</span> attr <span class="keyword">in</span> self.attrs]</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="string">"&lt;Element &#123;&#125; &#123;&#125;&gt;"</span>.format(repr(self.element.tag), <span class="string">' '</span>.join(attrs))</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">    @property</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">attrs</span><span class="params">(self)</span> -&gt; _Attrs:</span></span><br><span class="line">        <span class="string">"""Returns a dictionary of the attributes of the :class:`Element &lt;Element&gt;`</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">        (`learn more &lt;https://www.w3schools.com/tags/ref_attributes.asp&gt;`_).</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">        """</span></span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">if</span> self._attrs <span class="keyword">is</span> <span class="literal">None</span>:</span><br><span class="line">            self._attrs = &#123;k: v <span class="keyword">for</span> k, v <span class="keyword">in</span> self.element.items()&#125;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">            <span class="comment"># Split class and rel up, as there are ussually many of them:</span></span><br><span class="line">            <span class="keyword">for</span> attr <span class="keyword">in</span> [<span class="string">'class'</span>, <span class="string">'rel'</span>]:</span><br><span class="line">                <span class="keyword">if</span> attr <span class="keyword">in</span> self._attrs:</span><br><span class="line">                    self._attrs[attr] = tuple(self._attrs[attr].split())</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">return</span> self._attrs</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>这里 <code>__init__</code> 方法接收非常多的参数，同时使用 <code>_URL</code> 、<code>_DefaultEncoding</code> 进行了参数类型注解，另外 attrs 方法使用了 <code>_Attrs</code> 进行了返回结果类型注解。 整体看下来，每个参数的类型、返回值都进行了清晰地注解，代码可读性大大提高。 以上便是类型注解和 typing 模块的详细介绍。</p>
              </div>
              <div class="reward-container">
                <div></div>
                <button onclick="var qr = document.getElementById('qr'); qr.style.display = (qr.style.display === 'none') ? 'block' : 'none';"> 打赏 </button>
                <div id="qr" style="display: none;">
                  <div style="display: inline-block;">
                    <img src="/images/wechatpay.jpg" alt="崔庆才 微信支付">
                    <p>微信支付</p>
                  </div>
                  <div style="display: inline-block;">
                    <img src="/images/alipay.jpg" alt="崔庆才 支付宝">
                    <p>支付宝</p>
                  </div>
                </div>
              </div>
              <footer class="post-footer">
                <div class="post-nav">
                  <div class="post-nav-item">
                    <a href="/7051.html" rel="prev" title="[Python3网络爬虫开发实战] 9.3-付费讯代理、阿布云代理的使用">
                      <i class="fa fa-chevron-left"></i> [Python3网络爬虫开发实战] 9.3-付费讯代理、阿布云代理的使用 </a>
                  </div>
                  <div class="post-nav-item">
                    <a href="/7080.html" rel="next" title="利用 Python Faker 包来制作假数据"> 利用 Python Faker 包来制作假数据 <i class="fa fa-chevron-right"></i>
                    </a>
                  </div>
                </div>
              </footer>
            </article>
          </div>
          <div class="comments" id="gitalk-container"></div>
          <script>
            window.addEventListener('tabs:register', () =>
            {
              let
              {
                activeClass
              } = CONFIG.comments;
              if (CONFIG.comments.storage)
              {
                activeClass = localStorage.getItem('comments_active') || activeClass;
              }
              if (activeClass)
              {
                let activeTab = document.querySelector(`a[href="#comment-${activeClass}"]`);
                if (activeTab)
                {
                  activeTab.click();
                }
              }
            });
            if (CONFIG.comments.storage)
            {
              window.addEventListener('tabs:click', event =>
              {
                if (!event.target.matches('.tabs-comment .tab-content .tab-pane')) return;
                let commentClass = event.target.classList[1];
                localStorage.setItem('comments_active', commentClass);
              });
            }

          </script>
        </div>
        <div class="toggle sidebar-toggle">
          <span class="toggle-line toggle-line-first"></span>
          <span class="toggle-line toggle-line-middle"></span>
          <span class="toggle-line toggle-line-last"></span>
        </div>
        <aside class="sidebar">
          <div class="sidebar-inner">
            <ul class="sidebar-nav motion-element">
              <li class="sidebar-nav-toc"> 文章目录 </li>
              <li class="sidebar-nav-overview"> 站点概览 </li>
            </ul>
            <!--noindex-->
            <div class="post-toc-wrap sidebar-panel">
              <div class="post-toc motion-element">
                <ol class="nav">
                  <li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#实例引入"><span class="nav-number">1.</span> <span class="nav-text">实例引入</span></a></li>
                  <li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#类型注解"><span class="nav-number">2.</span> <span class="nav-text">类型注解</span></a></li>
                  <li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#typing"><span class="nav-number">3.</span> <span class="nav-text">typing</span></a>
                    <ol class="nav-child">
                      <li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#List"><span class="nav-number">3.1.</span> <span class="nav-text">List</span></a></li>
                      <li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#Tuple、NamedTuple"><span class="nav-number">3.2.</span> <span class="nav-text">Tuple、NamedTuple</span></a></li>
                      <li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#Dict、Mapping、MutableMapping"><span class="nav-number">3.3.</span> <span class="nav-text">Dict、Mapping、MutableMapping</span></a></li>
                      <li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#Set、AbstractSet"><span class="nav-number">3.4.</span> <span class="nav-text">Set、AbstractSet</span></a></li>
                      <li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#Sequence"><span class="nav-number">3.5.</span> <span class="nav-text">Sequence</span></a></li>
                      <li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#NoReturn"><span class="nav-number">3.6.</span> <span class="nav-text">NoReturn</span></a></li>
                      <li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#Any"><span class="nav-number">3.7.</span> <span class="nav-text">Any</span></a></li>
                      <li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#TypeVar"><span class="nav-number">3.8.</span> <span class="nav-text">TypeVar</span></a></li>
                      <li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#NewType"><span class="nav-number">3.9.</span> <span class="nav-text">NewType</span></a></li>
                      <li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#Callable"><span class="nav-number">3.10.</span> <span class="nav-text">Callable</span></a></li>
                      <li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#Union"><span class="nav-number">3.11.</span> <span class="nav-text">Union</span></a></li>
                      <li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#Optional"><span class="nav-number">3.12.</span> <span class="nav-text">Optional</span></a></li>
                      <li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#Generator"><span class="nav-number">3.13.</span> <span class="nav-text">Generator</span></a></li>
                    </ol>
                  </li>
                  <li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#案例实战"><span class="nav-number">4.</span> <span class="nav-text">案例实战</span></a></li>
                </ol>
              </div>
            </div>
            <!--/noindex-->
            <div class="site-overview-wrap sidebar-panel">
              <div class="site-author motion-element" itemprop="author" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
                <img class="site-author-image" itemprop="image" alt="崔庆才" src="/images/avatar.png">
                <p class="site-author-name" itemprop="name">崔庆才</p>
                <div class="site-description" itemprop="description">崔庆才的个人站点，记录生活的瞬间，分享学习的心得。</div>
              </div>
              <div class="site-state-wrap motion-element">
                <nav class="site-state">
                  <div class="site-state-item site-state-posts">
                    <a href="/archives/">
                      <span class="site-state-item-count">608</span>
                      <span class="site-state-item-name">日志</span>
                    </a>
                  </div>
                  <div class="site-state-item site-state-categories">
                    <a href="/categories/">
                      <span class="site-state-item-count">24</span>
                      <span class="site-state-item-name">分类</span></a>
                  </div>
                  <div class="site-state-item site-state-tags">
                    <a href="/tags/">
                      <span class="site-state-item-count">156</span>
                      <span class="site-state-item-name">标签</span></a>
                  </div>
                </nav>
              </div>
              <div class="links-of-author motion-element">
                <span class="links-of-author-item">
                  <a href="https://github.com/Germey" title="GitHub → https:&#x2F;&#x2F;github.com&#x2F;Germey" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><i class="fab fa-github fa-fw"></i>GitHub</a>
                </span>
                <span class="links-of-author-item">
                  <a href="mailto:cqc@cuiqingcai.com.com" title="邮件 → mailto:cqc@cuiqingcai.com.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><i class="fa fa-envelope fa-fw"></i>邮件</a>
                </span>
                <span class="links-of-author-item">
                  <a href="https://weibo.com/cuiqingcai" title="微博 → https:&#x2F;&#x2F;weibo.com&#x2F;cuiqingcai" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><i class="fab fa-weibo fa-fw"></i>微博</a>
                </span>
                <span class="links-of-author-item">
                  <a href="https://www.zhihu.com/people/Germey" title="知乎 → https:&#x2F;&#x2F;www.zhihu.com&#x2F;people&#x2F;Germey" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><i class="fa fa-magic fa-fw"></i>知乎</a>
                </span>
              </div>
            </div>
            <div style=" width: 100%;" class="sidebar-panel sidebar-panel-image sidebar-panel-active">
              <a href="https://tutorial.lengyue.video/?coupon=12ef4b1a-a3db-11ea-bb37-0242ac130002_cqx_850" target="_blank" rel="noopener">
                <img src="https://qiniu.cuiqingcai.com/bco2a.png" style=" width: 100%;">
              </a>
            </div>
            <div style=" width: 100%;" class="sidebar-panel sidebar-panel-image sidebar-panel-active">
              <a href="http://www.ipidea.net/?utm-source=cqc&utm-keyword=?cqc" target="_blank" rel="noopener">
                <img src="https://qiniu.cuiqingcai.com/0ywun.png" style=" width: 100%;">
              </a>
            </div>
            <div class="sidebar-panel sidebar-panel-tags sidebar-panel-active">
              <h4 class="name"> 标签云 </h4>
              <div class="content">
                <a href="/tags/2048/" style="font-size: 10px;">2048</a> <a href="/tags/API/" style="font-size: 10px;">API</a> <a href="/tags/Bootstrap/" style="font-size: 11.25px;">Bootstrap</a> <a href="/tags/CDN/" style="font-size: 10px;">CDN</a> <a href="/tags/CQC/" style="font-size: 10px;">CQC</a> <a href="/tags/CSS/" style="font-size: 10px;">CSS</a> <a href="/tags/CSS-%E5%8F%8D%E7%88%AC%E8%99%AB/" style="font-size: 10px;">CSS 反爬虫</a> <a href="/tags/CV/" style="font-size: 10px;">CV</a> <a href="/tags/Django/" style="font-size: 10px;">Django</a> <a href="/tags/Eclipse/" style="font-size: 11.25px;">Eclipse</a> <a href="/tags/FTP/" style="font-size: 10px;">FTP</a> <a href="/tags/Git/" style="font-size: 10px;">Git</a> <a href="/tags/GitHub/" style="font-size: 13.75px;">GitHub</a> <a href="/tags/HTML5/" style="font-size: 10px;">HTML5</a> <a href="/tags/Hexo/" style="font-size: 10px;">Hexo</a> <a href="/tags/IT/" style="font-size: 10px;">IT</a> <a href="/tags/JSP/" style="font-size: 10px;">JSP</a> <a href="/tags/JavaScript/" style="font-size: 10px;">JavaScript</a> <a href="/tags/K8s/" style="font-size: 10px;">K8s</a> <a href="/tags/LOGO/" style="font-size: 10px;">LOGO</a> <a href="/tags/Linux/" style="font-size: 10px;">Linux</a> <a href="/tags/MIUI/" style="font-size: 10px;">MIUI</a> <a href="/tags/MongoDB/" style="font-size: 10px;">MongoDB</a> <a href="/tags/Mysql/" style="font-size: 10px;">Mysql</a> <a href="/tags/NBA/" style="font-size: 10px;">NBA</a> <a href="/tags/PHP/" style="font-size: 11.25px;">PHP</a> <a href="/tags/PS/" style="font-size: 10px;">PS</a> <a href="/tags/Pathlib/" style="font-size: 10px;">Pathlib</a> <a href="/tags/PhantomJS/" style="font-size: 10px;">PhantomJS</a> <a href="/tags/Python/" style="font-size: 15px;">Python</a> <a href="/tags/Python3/" style="font-size: 12.5px;">Python3</a> <a href="/tags/Pythonic/" style="font-size: 10px;">Pythonic</a> <a href="/tags/QQ/" style="font-size: 10px;">QQ</a> <a href="/tags/Redis/" style="font-size: 10px;">Redis</a> <a href="/tags/SAE/" style="font-size: 10px;">SAE</a> <a href="/tags/SSH/" style="font-size: 10px;">SSH</a> <a href="/tags/SVG/" style="font-size: 10px;">SVG</a> <a href="/tags/Scrapy/" style="font-size: 10px;">Scrapy</a> <a href="/tags/Scrapy-redis/" style="font-size: 10px;">Scrapy-redis</a> <a href="/tags/Scrapy%E5%88%86%E5%B8%83%E5%BC%8F/" style="font-size: 10px;">Scrapy分布式</a> <a href="/tags/Selenium/" style="font-size: 10px;">Selenium</a> <a href="/tags/TKE/" style="font-size: 10px;">TKE</a> <a href="/tags/Ubuntu/" style="font-size: 11.25px;">Ubuntu</a> <a href="/tags/VS-Code/" style="font-size: 10px;">VS Code</a> <a href="/tags/Vs-Code/" style="font-size: 10px;">Vs Code</a> <a href="/tags/Vue/" style="font-size: 11.25px;">Vue</a> <a href="/tags/Webpack/" style="font-size: 10px;">Webpack</a> <a href="/tags/Windows/" style="font-size: 10px;">Windows</a> <a href="/tags/Winpcap/" style="font-size: 10px;">Winpcap</a> <a href="/tags/WordPress/" style="font-size: 13.75px;">WordPress</a> <a href="/tags/Youtube/" style="font-size: 11.25px;">Youtube</a> <a href="/tags/android/" style="font-size: 10px;">android</a> <a href="/tags/ansible/" style="font-size: 10px;">ansible</a> <a href="/tags/cocos2d-x/" style="font-size: 10px;">cocos2d-x</a> <a href="/tags/e6/" style="font-size: 10px;">e6</a> <a href="/tags/fitvids/" style="font-size: 10px;">fitvids</a> <a href="/tags/git/" style="font-size: 11.25px;">git</a> <a href="/tags/json/" style="font-size: 10px;">json</a> <a href="/tags/js%E9%80%86%E5%90%91/" style="font-size: 10px;">js逆向</a> <a href="/tags/kubernetes/" style="font-size: 10px;">kubernetes</a> <a href="/tags/log/" style="font-size: 10px;">log</a> <a href="/tags/logging/" style="font-size: 10px;">logging</a> <a href="/tags/matlab/" style="font-size: 11.25px;">matlab</a> <a href="/tags/python/" style="font-size: 20px;">python</a> <a href="/tags/pytube/" style="font-size: 11.25px;">pytube</a> <a href="/tags/pywin32/" style="font-size: 10px;">pywin32</a> <a href="/tags/style/" style="font-size: 10px;">style</a> <a href="/tags/tomcat/" style="font-size: 10px;">tomcat</a> <a href="/tags/ubuntu/" style="font-size: 10px;">ubuntu</a> <a href="/tags/uwsgi/" style="font-size: 10px;">uwsgi</a> <a href="/tags/vsftpd/" style="font-size: 10px;">vsftpd</a> <a href="/tags/wamp/" style="font-size: 10px;">wamp</a> <a href="/tags/wineQQ/" style="font-size: 10px;">wineQQ</a> <a href="/tags/%E4%B8%83%E7%89%9B/" style="font-size: 11.25px;">七牛</a> <a href="/tags/%E4%B8%8A%E6%B5%B7/" style="font-size: 10px;">上海</a> <a href="/tags/%E4%B8%AA%E4%BA%BA%E7%BD%91%E7%AB%99/" style="font-size: 10px;">个人网站</a> <a href="/tags/%E4%B8%BB%E9%A2%98/" style="font-size: 10px;">主题</a> <a href="/tags/%E4%BA%91%E4%BA%A7%E5%93%81/" style="font-size: 10px;">云产品</a> <a href="/tags/%E4%BA%91%E5%AD%98%E5%82%A8/" style="font-size: 10px;">云存储</a> <a href="/tags/%E4%BA%AC%E4%B8%9C%E4%BA%91/" style="font-size: 10px;">京东云</a> <a href="/tags/%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD/" style="font-size: 12.5px;">人工智能</a> <a href="/tags/%E4%BB%A3%E7%90%86/" style="font-size: 10px;">代理</a> <a href="/tags/%E4%BB%A3%E7%A0%81/" style="font-size: 10px;">代码</a> <a href="/tags/%E4%BB%A3%E7%A0%81%E5%88%86%E4%BA%AB%E5%9B%BE/" style="font-size: 10px;">代码分享图</a> <a href="/tags/%E4%BC%98%E5%8C%96/" style="font-size: 10px;">优化</a> <a href="/tags/%E4%BD%8D%E8%BF%90%E7%AE%97/" style="font-size: 10px;">位运算</a> <a href="/tags/%E5%85%AC%E4%BC%97%E5%8F%B7/" style="font-size: 10px;">公众号</a> <a href="/tags/%E5%88%86%E4%BA%AB/" style="font-size: 10px;">分享</a> <a href="/tags/%E5%88%86%E5%B8%83%E5%BC%8F/" style="font-size: 10px;">分布式</a> <a href="/tags/%E5%88%9B%E4%B8%9A/" style="font-size: 10px;">创业</a> <a href="/tags/%E5%89%8D%E7%AB%AF/" style="font-size: 12.5px;">前端</a> <a href="/tags/%E5%8D%9A%E5%AE%A2/" style="font-size: 10px;">博客</a> <a href="/tags/%E5%8E%9F%E7%94%9FAPP/" style="font-size: 10px;">原生APP</a> <a href="/tags/%E5%8F%8D%E7%88%AC%E8%99%AB/" style="font-size: 12.5px;">反爬虫</a> <a href="/tags/%E5%91%BD%E4%BB%A4/" style="font-size: 10px;">命令</a> <a href="/tags/%E5%93%8D%E5%BA%94%E5%BC%8F%E5%B8%83%E5%B1%80/" style="font-size: 10px;">响应式布局</a> <a href="/tags/%E5%9E%83%E5%9C%BE%E9%82%AE%E4%BB%B6/" style="font-size: 10px;">垃圾邮件</a> <a href="/tags/%E5%9F%9F%E5%90%8D%E7%BB%91%E5%AE%9A/" style="font-size: 10px;">域名绑定</a> <a href="/tags/%E5%A4%8D%E7%9B%98/" style="font-size: 10px;">复盘</a> <a href="/tags/%E5%A4%A7%E4%BC%97%E7%82%B9%E8%AF%84/" style="font-size: 10px;">大众点评</a> <a href="/tags/%E5%AD%97%E4%BD%93%E5%8F%8D%E7%88%AC%E8%99%AB/" style="font-size: 10px;">字体反爬虫</a> <a href="/tags/%E5%AD%97%E7%AC%A6%E9%97%AE%E9%A2%98/" style="font-size: 10px;">字符问题</a> <a href="/tags/%E5%AD%A6%E4%B9%A0%E6%96%B9%E6%B3%95/" style="font-size: 10px;">学习方法</a> <a href="/tags/%E5%AE%89%E5%8D%93/" style="font-size: 10px;">安卓</a> <a href="/tags/%E5%AE%9E%E7%94%A8/" style="font-size: 10px;">实用</a> <a href="/tags/%E5%B0%81%E9%9D%A2/" style="font-size: 10px;">封面</a> <a href="/tags/%E5%B4%94%E5%BA%86%E6%89%8D/" style="font-size: 18.75px;">崔庆才</a> <a href="/tags/%E5%B7%A5%E5%85%B7/" style="font-size: 12.5px;">工具</a> <a href="/tags/%E5%BC%80%E5%8F%91%E5%B7%A5%E5%85%B7/" style="font-size: 10px;">开发工具</a> <a href="/tags/%E5%BE%AE%E8%BD%AF/" style="font-size: 10px;">微软</a> <a href="/tags/%E6%80%9D%E8%80%83/" style="font-size: 10px;">思考</a> <a href="/tags/%E6%89%8B%E6%9C%BA%E8%AE%BF%E9%97%AE/" style="font-size: 10px;">手机访问</a> <a href="/tags/%E6%95%99%E7%A8%8B/" style="font-size: 10px;">教程</a> <a href="/tags/%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2/" style="font-size: 10px;">教育</a> <a href="/tags/%E6%96%B0%E4%B9%A6/" style="font-size: 12.5px;">新书</a> <a href="/tags/%E6%96%B9%E6%B3%95%E8%AE%BA/" style="font-size: 10px;">方法论</a> <a href="/tags/%E6%97%85%E6%B8%B8/" style="font-size: 10px;">旅游</a> <a href="/tags/%E6%97%A5%E5%BF%97/" style="font-size: 10px;">日志</a> <a href="/tags/%E6%9A%97%E6%97%B6%E9%97%B4/" style="font-size: 10px;">暗时间</a> <a href="/tags/%E6%9D%9C%E5%85%B0%E7%89%B9/" style="font-size: 11.25px;">杜兰特</a> <a href="/tags/%E6%A1%8C%E9%9D%A2/" style="font-size: 10px;">桌面</a> <a href="/tags/%E6%AD%8C%E5%8D%95/" style="font-size: 10px;">歌单</a> <a href="/tags/%E6%B1%9F%E5%8D%97/" style="font-size: 10px;">江南</a> <a href="/tags/%E6%B8%B8%E6%88%8F/" style="font-size: 10px;">游戏</a> <a href="/tags/%E7%84%A6%E8%99%91/" style="font-size: 10px;">焦虑</a> <a href="/tags/%E7%88%AC%E8%99%AB/" style="font-size: 16.25px;">爬虫</a> <a href="/tags/%E7%88%AC%E8%99%AB%E4%B9%A6%E7%B1%8D/" style="font-size: 11.25px;">爬虫书籍</a> <a href="/tags/%E7%8E%AF%E5%A2%83%E5%8F%98%E9%87%8F/" style="font-size: 10px;">环境变量</a> <a href="/tags/%E7%94%9F%E6%B4%BB%E7%AC%94%E8%AE%B0/" style="font-size: 10px;">生活笔记</a> <a href="/tags/%E7%99%BB%E5%BD%95/" style="font-size: 10px;">登录</a> <a href="/tags/%E7%9F%A5%E4%B9%8E/" style="font-size: 10px;">知乎</a> <a href="/tags/%E7%9F%AD%E4%BF%A1/" style="font-size: 10px;">短信</a> <a href="/tags/%E7%9F%AD%E4%BF%A1%E9%AA%8C%E8%AF%81%E7%A0%81/" style="font-size: 10px;">短信验证码</a> <a href="/tags/%E7%AC%94%E8%AE%B0%E8%BD%AF%E4%BB%B6/" style="font-size: 10px;">笔记软件</a> <a href="/tags/%E7%AF%AE%E7%BD%91/" style="font-size: 10px;">篮网</a> <a href="/tags/%E7%BA%B8%E5%BC%A0/" style="font-size: 10px;">纸张</a> <a href="/tags/%E7%BB%84%E4%BB%B6/" style="font-size: 10px;">组件</a> <a href="/tags/%E7%BD%91%E7%AB%99/" style="font-size: 10px;">网站</a> <a href="/tags/%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E7%88%AC%E8%99%AB/" style="font-size: 11.25px;">网络爬虫</a> <a href="/tags/%E7%BE%8E%E5%AD%A6/" style="font-size: 10px;">美学</a> <a href="/tags/%E8%82%89%E5%A4%B9%E9%A6%8D/" style="font-size: 10px;">肉夹馍</a> <a href="/tags/%E8%85%BE%E8%AE%AF%E4%BA%91/" style="font-size: 10px;">腾讯云</a> <a href="/tags/%E8%87%AA%E5%BE%8B/" style="font-size: 10px;">自律</a> <a href="/tags/%E8%A5%BF%E5%B0%91%E7%88%B7/" style="font-size: 10px;">西少爷</a> <a href="/tags/%E8%A7%86%E9%A2%91/" style="font-size: 10px;">视频</a> <a href="/tags/%E8%B0%B7%E6%AD%8C%E9%AA%8C%E8%AF%81%E7%A0%81/" style="font-size: 10px;">谷歌验证码</a> <a href="/tags/%E8%BF%90%E8%90%A5/" style="font-size: 10px;">运营</a> <a href="/tags/%E8%BF%9C%E7%A8%8B/" style="font-size: 10px;">远程</a> <a href="/tags/%E9%80%86%E5%90%91/" style="font-size: 10px;">逆向</a> <a href="/tags/%E9%85%8D%E7%BD%AE/" style="font-size: 10px;">配置</a> <a href="/tags/%E9%87%8D%E8%A3%85/" style="font-size: 10px;">重装</a> <a href="/tags/%E9%98%BF%E6%9D%9C/" style="font-size: 10px;">阿杜</a> <a href="/tags/%E9%9D%99%E8%A7%85/" style="font-size: 17.5px;">静觅</a> <a href="/tags/%E9%A2%A0%E8%A6%86/" style="font-size: 10px;">颠覆</a> <a href="/tags/%E9%A3%9E%E4%BF%A1/" style="font-size: 10px;">飞信</a> <a href="/tags/%E9%B8%BF%E8%92%99/" style="font-size: 10px;">鸿蒙</a>
              </div>
              <script>
                const tagsColors = ['#00a67c', '#5cb85c', '#d9534f', '#567e95', '#b37333', '#f4843d', '#15a287']
                const tagsElements = document.querySelectorAll('.sidebar-panel-tags .content a')
                tagsElements.forEach((item) =>
                {
                  item.style.backgroundColor = tagsColors[Math.floor(Math.random() * tagsColors.length)]
                })

              </script>
            </div>
            <div class="sidebar-panel sidebar-panel-categories sidebar-panel-active">
              <h4 class="name"> 分类 </h4>
              <div class="content">
                <ul class="category-list">
                  <li class="category-list-item"><a class="category-list-link" href="/categories/C-C/">C/C++</a><span class="category-list-count">23</span></li>
                  <li class="category-list-item"><a class="category-list-link" href="/categories/HTML/">HTML</a><span class="category-list-count">14</span></li>
                  <li class="category-list-item"><a class="category-list-link" href="/categories/Java/">Java</a><span class="category-list-count">5</span></li>
                  <li class="category-list-item"><a class="category-list-link" href="/categories/JavaScript/">JavaScript</a><span class="category-list-count">26</span></li>
                  <li class="category-list-item"><a class="category-list-link" href="/categories/Linux/">Linux</a><span class="category-list-count">15</span></li>
                  <li class="category-list-item"><a class="category-list-link" href="/categories/Markdown/">Markdown</a><span class="category-list-count">1</span></li>
                  <li class="category-list-item"><a class="category-list-link" href="/categories/Net/">Net</a><span class="category-list-count">4</span></li>
                  <li class="category-list-item"><a class="category-list-link" href="/categories/Other/">Other</a><span class="category-list-count">39</span></li>
                  <li class="category-list-item"><a class="category-list-link" href="/categories/PHP/">PHP</a><span class="category-list-count">27</span></li>
                  <li class="category-list-item"><a class="category-list-link" href="/categories/Paper/">Paper</a><span class="category-list-count">2</span></li>
                  <li class="category-list-item"><a class="category-list-link" href="/categories/Python/">Python</a><span class="category-list-count">261</span></li>
                  <li class="category-list-item"><a class="category-list-link" href="/categories/TypeScript/">TypeScript</a><span class="category-list-count">2</span></li>
                  <li class="category-list-item"><a class="category-list-link" href="/categories/%E4%B8%AA%E4%BA%BA%E5%B1%95%E7%A4%BA/">个人展示</a><span class="category-list-count">1</span></li>
                  <li class="category-list-item"><a class="category-list-link" href="/categories/%E4%B8%AA%E4%BA%BA%E6%97%A5%E8%AE%B0/">个人日记</a><span class="category-list-count">9</span></li>
                  <li class="category-list-item"><a class="category-list-link" href="/categories/%E4%B8%AA%E4%BA%BA%E8%AE%B0%E5%BD%95/">个人记录</a><span class="category-list-count">4</span></li>
                  <li class="category-list-item"><a class="category-list-link" href="/categories/%E4%B8%AA%E4%BA%BA%E9%9A%8F%E7%AC%94/">个人随笔</a><span class="category-list-count">15</span></li>
                  <li class="category-list-item"><a class="category-list-link" href="/categories/%E5%AE%89%E8%A3%85%E9%85%8D%E7%BD%AE/">安装配置</a><span class="category-list-count">59</span></li>
                  <li class="category-list-item"><a class="category-list-link" href="/categories/%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF%E6%9D%82%E8%B0%88/">技术杂谈</a><span class="category-list-count">88</span></li>
                  <li class="category-list-item"><a class="category-list-link" href="/categories/%E6%9C%AA%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB/">未分类</a><span class="category-list-count">1</span></li>
                  <li class="category-list-item"><a class="category-list-link" href="/categories/%E7%94%9F%E6%B4%BB%E7%AC%94%E8%AE%B0/">生活笔记</a><span class="category-list-count">1</span></li>
                  <li class="category-list-item"><a class="category-list-link" href="/categories/%E7%A6%8F%E5%88%A9%E4%B8%93%E5%8C%BA/">福利专区</a><span class="category-list-count">6</span></li>
                  <li class="category-list-item"><a class="category-list-link" href="/categories/%E8%81%8C%E4%BD%8D%E6%8E%A8%E8%8D%90/">职位推荐</a><span class="category-list-count">2</span></li>
                </ul>
              </div>
            </div>
            <div class="sidebar-panel sidebar-panel-friends sidebar-panel-active">
              <h4 class="name"> 友情链接 </h4>
              <ul class="friends">
                <li class="friend">
                  <span class="logo">
                    <img src="https://qiniu.cuiqingcai.com/j2dub.jpg">
                  </span>
                  <span class="link">
                    <a href="https://www.findhao.net/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">FindHao</a>
                  </span>
                </li>
                <li class="friend">
                  <span class="logo">
                    <img src="https://qiniu.cuiqingcai.com/ou6mm.jpg">
                  </span>
                  <span class="link">
                    <a href="https://diygod.me/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">DIYgod</a>
                  </span>
                </li>
                <li class="friend">
                  <span class="logo">
                    <img src="https://qiniu.cuiqingcai.com/6apxu.jpg">
                  </span>
                  <span class="link">
                    <a href="https://www.51dev.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">IT技术社区</a>
                  </span>
                </li>
                <li class="friend">
                  <span class="logo">
                    <img src="https://www.jankl.com/img/titleshu.jpg">
                  </span>
                  <span class="link">
                    <a href="https://www.jankl.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">liberalist</a>
                  </span>
                </li>
                <li class="friend">
                  <span class="logo">
                    <img src="https://qiniu.cuiqingcai.com/bqlbs.png">
                  </span>
                  <span class="link">
                    <a href="http://www.urselect.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">优社电商</a>
                  </span>
                </li>
                <li class="friend">
                  <span class="logo">
                    <img src="https://qiniu.cuiqingcai.com/8s88c.jpg">
                  </span>
                  <span class="link">
                    <a href="https://www.yuanrenxue.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">猿人学</a>
                  </span>
                </li>
                <li class="friend">
                  <span class="logo">
                    <img src="https://qiniu.cuiqingcai.com/2wgg5.jpg">
                  </span>
                  <span class="link">
                    <a href="https://www.yunlifang.cn/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">云立方</a>
                  </span>
                </li>
                <li class="friend">
                  <span class="logo">
                    <img src="https://qiniu.cuiqingcai.com/shwr6.png">
                  </span>
                  <span class="link">
                    <a href="http://lanbing510.info/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">冰蓝</a>
                  </span>
                </li>
                <li class="friend">
                  <span class="logo">
                    <img src="https://qiniu.cuiqingcai.com/blvoh.jpg">
                  </span>
                  <span class="link">
                    <a href="https://lengyue.me/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">冷月</a>
                  </span>
                </li>
                <li class="friend">
                  <span class="logo">
                    <img src="http://qianxunclub.com/favicon.png">
                  </span>
                  <span class="link">
                    <a href="http://qianxunclub.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">千寻啊千寻</a>
                  </span>
                </li>
                <li class="friend">
                  <span class="logo">
                    <img src="https://qiniu.cuiqingcai.com/0044u.jpg">
                  </span>
                  <span class="link">
                    <a href="http://kodcloud.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">可道云</a>
                  </span>
                </li>
                <li class="friend">
                  <span class="logo">
                    <img src="https://qiniu.cuiqingcai.com/ygnpn.jpg">
                  </span>
                  <span class="link">
                    <a href="http://www.kunkundashen.cn/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">坤坤大神</a>
                  </span>
                </li>
                <li class="friend">
                  <span class="logo">
                    <img src="https://qiniu.cuiqingcai.com/22uv1.png">
                  </span>
                  <span class="link">
                    <a href="http://www.cenchong.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">岑冲博客</a>
                  </span>
                </li>
                <li class="friend">
                  <span class="logo">
                    <img src="https://qiniu.cuiqingcai.com/ev9kl.png">
                  </span>
                  <span class="link">
                    <a href="http://www.zxiaoji.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">张小鸡</a>
                  </span>
                </li>
                <li class="friend">
                  <span class="logo">
                    <img src="https://www.503error.com/favicon.ico">
                  </span>
                  <span class="link">
                    <a href="https://www.503error.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">张志明个人博客</a>
                  </span>
                </li>
                <li class="friend">
                  <span class="logo">
                    <img src="https://qiniu.cuiqingcai.com/x714o.jpg">
                  </span>
                  <span class="link">
                    <a href="http://www.hubwiz.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">汇智网</a>
                  </span>
                </li>
                <li class="friend">
                  <span class="logo">
                    <img src="https://qiniu.cuiqingcai.com/129d8.png">
                  </span>
                  <span class="link">
                    <a href="https://www.bysocket.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">泥瓦匠BYSocket</a>
                  </span>
                </li>
                <li class="friend">
                  <span class="logo">
                    <img src="https://www.xiongge.club/favicon.ico">
                  </span>
                  <span class="link">
                    <a href="https://www.xiongge.club/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">熊哥club</a>
                  </span>
                </li>
                <li class="friend">
                  <span class="logo">
                    <img src="https://qiniu.cuiqingcai.com/3w4fe.png">
                  </span>
                  <span class="link">
                    <a href="https://zerlong.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">知语</a>
                  </span>
                </li>
                <li class="friend">
                  <span class="logo">
                    <img src="https://qiniu.cuiqingcai.com/44hxf.png">
                  </span>
                  <span class="link">
                    <a href="http://redstonewill.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">红色石头</a>
                  </span>
                </li>
                <li class="friend">
                  <span class="logo">
                    <img src="https://qiniu.cuiqingcai.com/8g1fk.jpg">
                  </span>
                  <span class="link">
                    <a href="http://www.laodong.me/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">老董博客</a>
                  </span>
                </li>
                <li class="friend">
                  <span class="logo">
                    <img src="https://qiniu.cuiqingcai.com/wkaus.jpg">
                  </span>
                  <span class="link">
                    <a href="https://zhaoshuai.me/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">碎念</a>
                  </span>
                </li>
                <li class="friend">
                  <span class="logo">
                    <img src="https://qiniu.cuiqingcai.com/pgo0r.jpg">
                  </span>
                  <span class="link">
                    <a href="https://www.chenwenguan.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">陈文管的博客</a>
                  </span>
                </li>
                <li class="friend">
                  <span class="logo">
                    <img src="https://qiniu.cuiqingcai.com/kk82a.jpg">
                  </span>
                  <span class="link">
                    <a href="https://www.lxlinux.net/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">良许Linux教程网</a>
                  </span>
                </li>
                <li class="friend">
                  <span class="logo">
                    <img src="https://qiniu.cuiqingcai.com/lj0t2.jpg">
                  </span>
                  <span class="link">
                    <a href="https://tanqingbo.cn/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">IT码农</a>
                  </span>
                </li>
                <li class="friend">
                  <span class="logo">
                    <img src="https://qiniu.cuiqingcai.com/i8cdr.png">
                  </span>
                  <span class="link">
                    <a href="https://junyiseo.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">均益个人博客</a>
                  </span>
                </li>
                <li class="friend">
                  <span class="logo">
                    <img src="https://qiniu.cuiqingcai.com/chwv2.png">
                  </span>
                  <span class="link">
                    <a href="https://brucedone.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">大鱼的鱼塘</a>
                  </span>
                </li>
                <li class="friend">
                  <span class="logo">
                    <img src="https://qiniu.cuiqingcai.com/2y43o.png">
                  </span>
                  <span class="link">
                    <a href="http://bbs.nightteam.cn/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">夜幕爬虫安全论坛</a>
                  </span>
                </li>
                <li class="friend">
                  <span class="logo">
                    <img src="https://qiniu.cuiqingcai.com/zvc3w.jpg">
                  </span>
                  <span class="link">
                    <a href="https://www.weishidong.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">韦世东的技术专栏</a>
                  </span>
                </li>
                <li class="friend">
                  <span class="logo">
                    <img src="https://qiniu.cuiqingcai.com/ebudy.jpg">
                  </span>
                  <span class="link">
                    <a href="https://chuanjiabing.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">穿甲兵技术社区</a>
                  </span>
                </li>
              </ul>
            </div>
          </div>
        </aside>
        <div id="sidebar-dimmer"></div>
      </div>
    </main>
    <footer class="footer">
      <div class="footer-inner">
        <div class="copyright"> &copy; <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2021</span>
          <span class="with-love">
            <i class="fa fa-heart"></i>
          </span>
          <span class="author" itemprop="copyrightHolder">崔庆才丨静觅</span>
          <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
          <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
            <i class="fa fa-chart-area"></i>
          </span>
          <span title="站点总字数">2.6m</span>
          <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
          <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
            <i class="fa fa-coffee"></i>
          </span>
          <span title="站点阅读时长">39:54</span>
        </div>
        <div class="powered-by">由 <a href="https://hexo.io/" class="theme-link" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Hexo</a> & <a href="https://pisces.theme-next.org/" class="theme-link" rel="noopener" target="_blank">NexT.Pisces</a> 强力驱动 </div>
        <div class="beian"><a href="https://beian.miit.gov.cn/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">京ICP备18015597号-1 </a>
        </div>
        <script>
          (function ()
          {
            function leancloudSelector(url)
            {
              url = encodeURI(url);
              return document.getElementById(url).querySelector('.leancloud-visitors-count');
            }

            function addCount(Counter)
            {
              var visitors = document.querySelector('.leancloud_visitors');
              var url = decodeURI(visitors.id);
              var title = visitors.dataset.flagTitle;
              Counter('get', '/classes/Counter?where=' + encodeURIComponent(JSON.stringify(
              {
                url
              }))).then(response => response.json()).then((
              {
                results
              }) =>
              {
                if (results.length > 0)
                {
                  var counter = results[0];
                  leancloudSelector(url).innerText = counter.time + 1;
                  Counter('put', '/classes/Counter/' + counter.objectId,
                  {
                    time:
                    {
                      '__op': 'Increment',
                      'amount': 1
                    }
                  }).catch(error =>
                  {
                    console.error('Failed to save visitor count', error);
                  });
                }
                else
                {
                  Counter('post', '/classes/Counter',
                  {
                    title,
                    url,
                    time: 1
                  }).then(response => response.json()).then(() =>
                  {
                    leancloudSelector(url).innerText = 1;
                  }).catch(error =>
                  {
                    console.error('Failed to create', error);
                  });
                }
              }).catch(error =>
              {
                console.error('LeanCloud Counter Error', error);
              });
            }

            function showTime(Counter)
            {
              var visitors = document.querySelectorAll('.leancloud_visitors');
              var entries = [...visitors].map(element =>
              {
                return decodeURI(element.id);
              });
              Counter('get', '/classes/Counter?where=' + encodeURIComponent(JSON.stringify(
              {
                url:
                {
                  '$in': entries
                }
              }))).then(response => response.json()).then((
              {
                results
              }) =>
              {
                for (let url of entries)
                {
                  let target = results.find(item => item.url === url);
                  leancloudSelector(url).innerText = target ? target.time : 0;
                }
              }).catch(error =>
              {
                console.error('LeanCloud Counter Error', error);
              });
            }
            let
            {
              app_id,
              app_key,
              server_url
            } = {
              "enable": true,
              "app_id": "6X5dRQ0pnPWJgYy8SXOg0uID-gzGzoHsz",
              "app_key": "ziLDVEy73ne5HtFTiGstzHMS",
              "server_url": "https://6x5drq0p.lc-cn-n1-shared.com",
              "security": false
            };

            function fetchData(api_server)
            {
              var Counter = (method, url, data) =>
              {
                return fetch(`${api_server}/1.1${url}`,
                {
                  method,
                  headers:
                  {
                    'X-LC-Id': app_id,
                    'X-LC-Key': app_key,
                    'Content-Type': 'application/json',
                  },
                  body: JSON.stringify(data)
                });
              };
              if (CONFIG.page.isPost)
              {
                if (CONFIG.hostname !== location.hostname) return;
                addCount(Counter);
              }
              else if (document.querySelectorAll('.post-title-link').length >= 1)
              {
                showTime(Counter);
              }
            }
            let api_server = app_id.slice(-9) !== '-MdYXbMMI' ? server_url : `https://${app_id.slice(0, 8).toLowerCase()}.api.lncldglobal.com`;
            if (api_server)
            {
              fetchData(api_server);
            }
            else
            {
              fetch('https://app-router.leancloud.cn/2/route?appId=' + app_id).then(response => response.json()).then((
              {
                api_server
              }) =>
              {
                fetchData('https://' + api_server);
              });
            }
          })();

        </script>
      </div>
      <div class="footer-stat">
        <span id="cnzz_stat_icon_1279355174"></span>
        <script type="text/javascript">
          document.write(unescape("%3Cspan id='cnzz_stat_icon_1279355174'%3E%3C/span%3E%3Cscript src='https://v1.cnzz.com/z_stat.php%3Fid%3D1279355174%26online%3D1%26show%3Dline' type='text/javascript'%3E%3C/script%3E"));

        </script>
      </div>
    </footer>
  </div>
  <script src="//cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/animejs@3.2.1/lib/anime.min.js"></script>
  <script src="//cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/pangu@4/dist/browser/pangu.min.js"></script>
  <script src="/js/utils.js"></script>
  <script src="/.js"></script>
  <script src="/js/schemes/pisces.js"></script>
  <script src="/.js"></script>
  <script src="/js/next-boot.js"></script>
  <script src="/.js"></script>
  <script>
    (function ()
    {
      var canonicalURL, curProtocol;
      //Get the <link> tag
      var x = document.getElementsByTagName("link");
      //Find the last canonical URL
      if (x.length > 0)
      {
        for (i = 0; i < x.length; i++)
        {
          if (x[i].rel.toLowerCase() == 'canonical' && x[i].href)
          {
            canonicalURL = x[i].href;
          }
        }
      }
      //Get protocol
      if (!canonicalURL)
      {
        curProtocol = window.location.protocol.split(':')[0];
      }
      else
      {
        curProtocol = canonicalURL.split(':')[0];
      }
      //Get current URL if the canonical URL does not exist
      if (!canonicalURL) canonicalURL = window.location.href;
      //Assign script content. Replace current URL with the canonical URL
      ! function ()
      {
        var e = /([http|https]:\/\/[a-zA-Z0-9\_\.]+\.baidu\.com)/gi,
          r = canonicalURL,
          t = document.referrer;
        if (!e.test(r))
        {
          var n = (String(curProtocol).toLowerCase() === 'https') ? "https://sp0.baidu.com/9_Q4simg2RQJ8t7jm9iCKT-xh_/s.gif" : "//api.share.baidu.com/s.gif";
          t ? (n += "?r=" + encodeURIComponent(document.referrer), r && (n += "&l=" + r)) : r && (n += "?l=" + r);
          var i = new Image;
          i.src = n
        }
      }(window);
    })();

  </script>
  <script src="/js/local-search.js"></script>
  <script src="/.js"></script>
  <link rel="stylesheet" href="//cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/gitalk@1/dist/gitalk.min.css">
  <script>
    NexT.utils.loadComments(document.querySelector('#gitalk-container'), () =>
    {
      NexT.utils.getScript('//cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/gitalk@1/dist/gitalk.min.js', () =>
      {
        var gitalk = new Gitalk(
        {
          clientID: '4c86ce1d7c4fbb3b277c',
          clientSecret: '4927beb0f90e2c07e66c99d9d2529cf3eb8ac8e4',
          repo: 'Blog',
          owner: 'germey',
          admin: ['germey'],
          id: 'e8f45d6f12baf4b461e98adf12f93960',
          language: 'zh-CN',
          distractionFreeMode: true
        });
        gitalk.render('gitalk-container');
      }, window.Gitalk);
    });

  </script>
</body>

</html>
